Phenotypic markers cannot positively identify the identity of the donor. They can help:
(1) determine if a specimen is not from a patient (by demonstrating a feature that could not be from the patient)
(2) determine the probable donor if two specimens from two definite sources are mixed-up
Phenotypic tests to separate blood specimens between a male and female:
(1) Barr body in neutrophils
(2) serum PSA in male
(3) serum HCG in pregnant female
Phenotypic markers for a blood specimen:
(1) ABO typing
(2) other red blood cell markers (Rh, Kell, Duffy, etc.) depending on antigen typing antisera available
(3) presence of drug from known drug dosage
(4) presence of a unique antibody
(5) HLA typing
Phenotypic tests to separate tissue specimens between a male and female:
(1) biopsy from gender specific organ (endometrium, prostate, ovary, etc.)
Phenotypic markers for a tissue specimen:
(1) immunostaining for A, B and H antigens (stain erythrocytes, blood vessels, gastric mucous cells and other cells)
