Complication categories:
(1) during insertion
(2) during the first 2 weeks after placement (early)
(3) after the first 2 weeks (late)
Complications during the insertion:
(1) nasopulmonary intubation
(2) pneumothorax
(3) pulmonary hemorrhage
(4) trauma to the nasal mucosa, turbinates or septum
(5) nasopharyngeal or esophageal perforation
(6) intracranial insertion
(7) trauma to an artery with major hemorrhage
(8) gastric or duodenal perforation
(9) bronchopleural fistula
Complications during use:
(1) discomfort or pain
(2) become agitated
(3) self-extubation
(4) gastroesophageal reflux
(5) gastric distention
(6) aspiration
(7) sinusitis
(8) otitis
(9) migration
(10) obstruction of the tube
(11) epistaxis
(12) esophageal stricture
(13) nasoalar necrosis
(14) airway obstruction
(15) enteral solution pneumonitis
(16) enteral solution hydrothorax
(17) nutrient ascites
(18) empyema
(19) bacterial peritonitis
(20) sepsis
(21) compromised ventilatory support
