An anterior encephalocele may present with a number of signs and symptoms.
Findings associated with a mass effect
(1) swelling over the nose
(2) hypertelorism
(3) proptosis
(4) nasal obstruction or obstruction of the upper airway
(5) nasopharyngeal mass
CSF leakage
(1) recurrent meningitis
(2) nasal fluid drainage
Other:
(1) neurofibromatosis (may be associated with orbital encephaloceles)
(2) hydrocephalus with an enlarged head (macrocephaly)
(3) pituitary dysfunction
