Risk factors associated with Peyronie's disease:
(1) ischemic heart disease
(2) hypertension
(3) hyperuricemia
(4) hypercholesterolemia
(5) fibrosing disorder in other parts of the body, such as Dupuytren's contracture or plantar fibromatosis
(6) autoimmune disorder and/or associated with HLA-B27
(7) diabetes mellitus
(8) penile or perineal trauma
(9) invasive procedures on the penis (urethral catheterization, cystoscopy, transurethral prostatectomy)
(10) family history
Theories for pathogenesis:
(1) interstitial hemorrhage following trauma, vasculitis or vascular injury which results in a hematoma with scarring
(2) interstitial inflammation
(3) manifestation of a fibromatosis
