Hereditary causes:
(1) Beckwith-Weidemann Syndrome
(2) congenital adrenal hyperplasia
(3) Trisomy 13, 18 or 21
Endocrine causes:
(1) hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
(2) maternal diabetes
Intrauterine conditions (associated with hypoxia, etc):
(1) maternal hypertension syndrome
(2) maternal smoking
(3) maternal cyanotic heart disease
(4) intrauterine growth retardation, small for gestational age
(5) macrosomia (large for gestational age)
(6) postmaturity
Placental and delivery-related factors:
(1) twin-twin transfusion syndrome
(2) maternal-fetal transfusion
(3) perinatal asphyxia
(4) delayed clamping of the umbilical cord
(5) holding the infant below the introitus prior to cord clamping
Miscellaneous factors:
(1) high altitude conditions
(2) excessive blood transfusion following delivery
