Patient selection:
(1) conscious
(2) emergency transport
Risk factors for motion sickness:
(1) odors, especially vehicle exhaust or tobacco odor on emergency personnel
(2) violent movements during high speed transport
(3) opiates or other medications
(4) recent alcohol ingestion
(5) recent meal, especially including dairy product or foods high in salt, protein or calories
(6) history of motion sickness
(7) anxiety or stress
(8) pretransport nausea or feeling ill
(9) injury or illness predisposing to vomiting (head injury, etc.)
(10) positioning (typically supine and unable to see outside the ambulance)
(11) female gender
(12) ingestion of a poison
Factors reducing motion sickness:
(1) supplemental oxygen delivery of 6-10 L/min by face mask or alternative delivery (the plastic smell of a face mask may reduce the benefit; may be hazardous if patient has COPD)
(2) anti-emetic therapy if permitted (intravenous therapy not permitted in some countries; may want to avoid sedating effects)
Factors reducing aspiration:
(1) protected airway
