Patient selection: male with hypospadias
Risk factors may include:
(1) primparity
(2) twin or triplet (multiple gestation)
(3) preterm delivery
(4) small for gestational age (IUGR, placental dysfunction)
(5) family history of hypospadias
(6) maternal obesity
(7) hormone-containing contraceptive use during pregnancy
(8) maternal subfertility or need for fertility treatment
(9) paternal subfertility
(10) pre-eclampsia
Other:
(1) mother a diethylstilbesterol daughter
(2) family history of testicular cancer
The association between risk factor varies with the location of the hypospadias (glandular/coronal, middle, posterior).
