Shin splints are a common form of overuse injury in runners and other athletes. Certain risk factors are associated with its development, and these can help identify people who may benefit from preventive interventions.
The definition of shin splints varies:
(1) It involves exertional pain or discomfort.
(2) The location may involve the lower anterior leg or over the anterior tibia.
(3) It is a diagnosis of exclusion, requiring exclusion of stress fracture, compartment syndrome, and muscle herniations.
Parameter
Risk Factors
weight and percent body fat
increased body fat
anatomic variations in the lower extremity
see below
aerobic endurance and conditioning
decreased physical fitness, fatigue
skills
poor coordination, lack of experience
shoes
worn or inadequate
running surface
hard running surface, uneven terrain, running on hills
running parameters
sudden increase in running frequency, distance or duration; competitive running
exercise
excessive and forceful foot flexures (ballet)
habits
smoking
past history
previous injury
where:
• The table excludes controversial risk factors like age and gender.
Anatomic variations associated with shin splints:
(1) anterversion of the femoral neck
(2) genu valgus
(3) pes clavus
(4) foot hyperpronation
(5) joint laxity
Athletes with one or more risk factors are candidates for preventive measures.
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