Medications associated with the use of physical restraint:
(1) higher daily dose of a benzodiazepine
(2) antipsychotic therapy
(5) higher daily dose of opioids
Factors along the sedation and agitation spectrum associated with the use of physical restraints:
(1) heavy sedation (often with continuous infusion)
(2) daily sedation interruption (DSI)
(3) agitation
where:
• The use of benzodiazepines and sedation suggest that chemical restraint was also in use.
Other factors associated with the use of physical restraint:
(1) previous occurrence of an adverse event including accidental device removal
(2) ICU not university affiliated
(3) dementia
