Hemorrhagic complications:
(1) gross hematuria
(2) perinephric hematoma
(3) adrenal hemorrhage
(4) need for blood transfusion
(5) passage of clots through the urinary tract, with obstruction and/or renal colic
Vascular complications:
(1) traumatic arteriovenous fistula
(2) perforation and/or laceration to renal artery or vein
Infectious complications:
(1) perinephric abscess
(2) renal abscess
(3) cellulitis
(4) sepsis
Traumatic injury (perforation and/or laceration):
(1) liver (right kidney)
(2) spleen (left kidney)
(3) pancreas (left kidney)
(4) gallbladder (right kidney)
(5) colon
(6) lung
Pain (abdominal, flank, and/or renal colic
NOTE: The use of ultrasonography to identify the kidneys has reduced accidental biopsies of other organs.
