Indications for male circumcision:
(1) pathological true phimosis (inability to retract the foreskin due to scarring of the foreskin) with obstruction of urinary flow, pain on erection or during intercourse
(1a) It must be distinguished from physiologic unretractile prepuce of neonates and infants.
(1b) It may be due to balanitis xerotica obliterans.
(2) paraphimosis (foreskin retracted behind the corona and cannot be brought back across the glans), if there is painful swelling of the glans or other symptoms unresponsive to conservative management
(3) severe acute or recurrent balanoposthitis
(3a) balanitis (inflammation of the glans)
(3b) posthitis (inflammation of the prepuce)
(4) true preputial cysts, if extensive
(5) severe penile lymphadema
(6) urinary tract infection, if the presence of the foreskin can be demonstrated as contributing to the development of infection
(7) dysplasia of the foreskin, unresponsive to conservative measures
