Pulmonary:
(1) worsening of asthma or chronic lung disease
(2) desert lung (nonoccupational pulmonary silicosis)
(3) pulmonary infectious disease
Skin:
(1) sunburn
(2) abrasion from blowing sand
(3) abrasion from sand in clothing
(4) restricted bathing
Ocular:
(1) dry eye (xerophthalmia)
(2) corneal abrasion from blowing sand
(3) cataract
(4) trachoma
Fluid intake:
(1) dehydration
(2) poor quality water sources
Nutrition:
(1) limited food sources
(2) sand in food
Thermal extremes:
(1) heat exposure
(2) cold at night
Other:
(1) venomous snakes, scorpions or spiders
(2) insects (flies, fleas)
(3) animal contact (camels, donkeys, etc)
(4) poverty
(5) limited education
(6) poor health care
