A hazardous atmosphere in a cave or mine may contain:
(1) carbon monoxide
(2) carbon dioxide
(3) hydrogen sulfide
(4) low levels of oxygen
(5) radon
(6) toxic chemicals (from tanks or pipelines nearby)
(7) infectious agents (rabies, histoplasmosis, etc)
(8) methane
(9) mineral dust
Risk factors for a hazardous atmosphere:
(1) lack of ventilation, allowing gases to accumulate
(2) operation of fuel-burning engines or stoves
(3) other sources of combustion (fire, explosives, etc.)
(4) leakage of chemicals
(5) bird or bat guano
(6) proximity to a volcano
Reasons to suspect a problem with the atmosphere:
(1) smell
(2) nausea, light headedness, cough or other symptoms
(3) sudden collapse
(4) presence of a motor or fire
(5) dusty or difficult to see through
(6) occurrence of an explosion
(7) knowledge about geology or mineral deposits
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Problem
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Response
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lack of ventilation
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attempt to improve ventilation
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infectious agents or mineral dust
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personal protective equipment
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toxic or low oxygen atmosphere
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self-contained breathing apparatus
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flammable material
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avoiding spark and open flame
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uncertainty of composition
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use of monitors for carbon monoxide, radon, carbon dioxide, etc
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carbon monoxide from engine or fire
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turn off engine or put out fire, vent outside
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chemicals
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Hazmat suit
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