Ectopic sites where a testis can be found:
(1) opposite side of the scrotum (crossed or transverse ectopia)
(2) femoral or crural
(3) perineal
(4) pubopenile
(5) penile (along the dorsal surface, away from the pubis)
(6) abdominal
(7) interstitial (external to the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle)
(8) pararectal (intrapelvic)
(9) hilum of the left kidney
A maldescending testis will often show normal function if it can be relocated to its correct location.
Differential diagnosis:
(1) absent testis (agenesis vs regression)
(2) failure to descend completely (nondescent or partial descent)
(3) traumatic displacement (associated with adhesions)
