Differential diagnosis of apnea in a newborn:
(1) apnea of prematurity (see above)
(2) inborn error of metabolism
(3) infection (pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis, other intracranial infection)
(4) necrotizing enterocolitis
(5) birth trauma
(6) drugs, including agents given to the mother before or during delivery
(7) hypo- or hyper-thermia
(8) intracranial hemorrhage
(9) seizures
(10) perinatal asphyxia
(11) congenital neuropathy or myopathy
(12) central nervous system malformation
(13) respiratory distress syndrome
(14) intra-pulmonary hemorrhage
(15) obstructive airway disease, including tracheal obstruction
(16) hypoxemia and/or hypercarbia
(17) pneumonthorax
(18) gastro-esophageal reflux disease
(19) congenital heart disease
(20) hypo- or hypertension
(21) congestive heart failure
(22) anemia
(23) metabolic acidosis
(24) hypoglycemia
(25) hypocalcemia
(26) hypo- or hypernatremia
(27) increased vagal tone
(28) abdominal distention
