Criteria:
(1) congenital limitation of joint movement
(2) affecting 2 or more joints
(3) in at least 2 different body areas
Exclusions:
(1) bilateral talipes only
(2) bilateral hip dislocation only
(3) spina bifida cystica (myelomeningocele)
The limitation in joint movement may be permanent or reversible, depending on the cause.
Associated problems depend on the underlying cause and may include:
(1) swallowing and/or feeding difficulty
(2) impaired walking
(3) mental retardation
(4) respiratory difficulty
(5) strabismus or ophthalmoplegia
Hereditary causes include:
(1) distal arthrogryposes
(2) congenital myotonic dystrophy and congenital muscular dystrophy
(3) congenital hypomyelination neuropathy
(4) hereditary connective tissue disorders (Ehlers-Danlos, other)
Acquired causes include:
(1) oligohydramnios
(2) intrauterine ischemic event with cerebral involvement
(3) Moebius sequence
(4) other causes of restricted intra-uterine fetal movement
(5) prenatal encephalopathy
(6) spinal cord disorder affecting the anterior horn cells
