Clinical features:
(1) variable macroscopic hematuria
(2) variable dysuria
(3) variable increased frequency
(4) variable suprapubic pain
(5) exclusion of other conditions with bleeding that can contaminate the urine (menstruation, menorrhagia, etc)
(6) exclusion of bleeding from elsewhere in the urinary tract (glomerulus, renal pelvis, ureter, prostate, urethra)
(7) exclusion of bleeding due to mechanical irritation of the bladder (iatrogenic)
(8) exclusion of drugs or chemicals that can discolor the urine rad
Laboratory findings:
(1) >= 100 red blood cells per high power field in urine microscopy
If the hematuria is seen on microscopy but not clinically, then it is microscopic hematuria. The clinical severity of the hemorrhage can be graded (see grading hemorrhagic cystitis).
The presence of a red urine in the absence of red blood cells in the urine specimen indicates either pseudohematuria (from drug or chemical) or specimen mishandling.
