Absolute contraindications:
(1) bacteremia
(2) infectious arthritis
(3) osteomyelitis in adjacent bone
(4) periarticular cellulitis
(5) presence of a joint prosthesis
(6) history of anaphylactic response to any constituent of the solution to be injected
(7) acute fracture
(8) Achilles or patellar tendinopathy
Relative contraindications:
(1) underlying coagulopathy
(2) hemarthrosis
(3) anticoagulation therapy
(4) no or minimal benefit from recent injections
(5) joint difficult to access
(6) poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
(7) joint replacement surgery within a few days
