Contraindications to Exercise in an Older Adult

• severe ischemic heart disease (unstable coronary artery disease, recent myocardial infarction)?

• congestive heart failure with dyspnea at rest?

• a tachyarrhythmia that is induced by exercise?

• severe aortic stenosis?

• a condition that becomes symptomatic with minimal activity?

• deep vein thrombosis or recent pulmonary embolism?

• recent retinal detachment?

• an unstable cervical spine?

• severe bone disease with risk of fracture?