Complications of male urethral stenosis:
(1) urinary retention, which if severe can cause post-obstructive renal atrophy and/or renal failure
(2) infertility
(3) recurrent urinary tract infection, including chronic prostatitis and epididymitis
(4) urosepsis
Risk factors of Romero Perez and Mira Llinares for complications:
(1) age > 70 years
(2) history of sexually-transmitted disease
(3) history of urinary tract infection
(4) history of previous urethral surgery for recurrent stenosis
(5) post-void residual urine
Additional risk factors:
(1) delay in diagnosis or treatment
(2) comorbid urologic problems (benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostate cancer, etc)
