Features during acute intoxication:
(1) smell of a solvent on breath or clothing, evidence of the solvent source on clothing or skin
(2) intoxication, euphoria and disinhibition
(3) delusions, hallucinations, psychosis, delirium
(4) agitation or confusion
(5) nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain and hematemesis
(6) flushing
(7) coughing, laryngitis and tracheobronchitis
(8) sneezing, sinusitis, epistaxis, or rhinitis
(9) increased salivation
(10) traumatic injury, violent assault or suicide
(11) cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death
(12) asphyxia
(13) conjunctivitis
(14) oral or nasal ulcerations
Features that may develop after chronic exposure:
(1) dependence with withdrawal symptoms
(2) cerebellar signs, including ataxia
(3) peripheral neuropathy
(4) toxic encephalopathy with dementia
(5) perioral and perinasal eczema
(6) optic atrophy with decreased visual acuity
(7) pneumonitis
(8) tinnitus and decreased hearing
(9) renal toxicity, with glomerulonephritis or distal renal tubular acidosis
(10) hepatotoxicity, especially if alcohol also abused
(11) anemia secondary to bone marrow depression
(12) muscle weakness (especially with toluene)
