Types of teeth marks left by carnivores (Haynes, Binford):
(1) puncture marks with perforation of thin bone, typically with crenulated, irregulated edges
(2) superficial pits with identing of teeth into the bones without penetration
(3) scoring or scratches from dragging teeth over the shafts of bones
(4) furrows or channels produced by the cusps of the back teeth, typically extending into the marrow cavity
Punctures may be seen in:
(1) scapula
(2) cancellous ends of long bones
(3) pelvis
(4) mandible
Mashing:
(1) pelvis
(2) ribs
Chipping back and gnawing may be seen with:
(1) ulnar, radius, ulna, fibia and tibia
(2) distal ribs
(3) spines and processes of vertebral bodies
(4) mandible
(5) vertebra
The proximal portions of the femur and humerus may be total destroyed.
Bone fractures in long bones include longitudinally split fragments, linear fractures and spiral fractures. Bears may fracture the diaphysis of long bones to get access to the marrow.
Metacarpals and metatarsals may either be present intact or they may be totally absent (if the hands or feet are carried off, as shown in the movie
Yojimbo
).