The stroke volume of blood pumped into the proximal aorta with each cardiac contraction is equal to the product of the mean systolic velocity and the cross-sectional aortic area. The cardiac output is the heart rate times the stroke volume.
stroke volume =
= (cross sectional area of vessel) * (flow velocity integral)
where:
• flow velocity integral = ((peak velocity in cm/s) * (ejection time in seconds)) / 2
• the flow velocity integral in adults usually ranges between 5-35 cm
cardiac output in liters per minute =
= (stroke volume in mL per systole) * (heart rate in beats per minute) / 1000
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